{"id":433,"date":"2023-03-17T14:58:08","date_gmt":"2023-03-17T13:58:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/?p=433"},"modified":"2023-03-17T14:59:30","modified_gmt":"2023-03-17T13:59:30","slug":"macka-aj-domaca","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/?p=433","title":{"rendered":"Ma\u010dka (aj dom\u00e1ca)"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained\">\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Ma\u010dka div\u00e1, Felis silvestris, spolo\u010dne s rysom karpatsk\u00fdm a ostrovidom s\u00fa z\u00e1stupcami ma\u010dkovit\u00fdch \u0161eliem v na\u0161ich lesoch. Ich popul\u00e1cie s\u00fa vraj ust\u00e1len\u00e9 a dokonca pozvo\u013ena rast\u00fa. Vyzer\u00e1 to, \u017ee v celej Eur\u00f3pe sa po\u010dty ma\u010dky divej pomaly zdv\u00edhaj\u00fa. Spr\u00e1vy z Holandska a Nemecka o tom sved\u010dia. Sna\u017e\u00edm sa d\u00f4verova\u0165 \u013eu\u010fom, ktor\u00ed ich naozaj sleduj\u00fa priamo v pr\u00edrode a ned\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u010d\u00edsla od stola, ale aj tak. Ka\u017edodenn\u00fd v\u00fdrub lesov vo ve\u013ekom a ni\u010denie v\u0161etk\u00fdch ekotypov po celej Eur\u00f3pe nie je pr\u00e1ve lichotiv\u00fd poznatok. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm dos\u0165 z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm d\u00f4vodom na moje obavy, sk\u00f4r o zn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed ich stavu je, \u017ee sa pomerne \u010dasto a nekontrolovate\u013ene kr\u00ed\u017ei s ma\u010dkou dom\u00e1cou. V \u0160k\u00f3tsku sa vo vo\u013enej pr\u00edrode v podstate nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa u\u017e len hybridy. Niektor\u00ed biol\u00f3govia sa dokonca domnievaj\u00fa, \u017ee m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k jej \u00fapln\u00e9mu vyhynutiu v celej Eur\u00f3pe. V akom mno\u017estve \u010distokrvnosti to bude o p\u00e1r rokov, n\u00e1m uk\u00e1\u017ee iba samotn\u00fd \u010das. Ja pevne ver\u00edm, \u017ee to bude len lep\u0161ie. Rie\u0161enia ur\u010dite s\u00fa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Pod\u013ea posledn\u00fdch v\u00fdskumov, v\u0161etky dne\u0161n\u00e9 dom\u00e1ce druhy vznikli z ma\u010dky africkej plavej, ktor\u00e1 je dnes u\u017e pova\u017eovan\u00e1 za samostatn\u00fd druh. Sk\u00f4r ako sme za\u010dali \u010d\u00edta\u0165 DNA, panoval n\u00e1zor, \u017ee vznikli z ma\u010dky divej. Zauj\u00edmavos\u0165ou je, \u017ee najstar\u0161ie n\u00e1lezy zdom\u00e1cnen\u00fdch ma\u010diek, \u010di dokonca vytvorenia nov\u00fdch druhov \u0161\u013eachten\u00edm, poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z \u010c\u00edny a to 10 000 rokov dozadu. Potom je tu \u010dasov\u00fd prepad a \u010fal\u0161ie n\u00e1lezy s\u00fa o 5000 rokov mlad\u0161ie. Tieto, na rozdiel od dne\u0161n\u00fdch boli \u0161\u013eachten\u00e9 z ma\u010diek beng\u00e1lskych. Teda zdom\u00e1c\u0148ovanie sa dialo nieko\u013ekokr\u00e1t a na viacer\u00fdch miestach plan\u00e9ty, pravdepodobne dokonca z\u00e1rove\u0148. V ka\u017edom pr\u00edpade, predkovia t\u00fdch dne\u0161n\u00fdch, dom\u00e1cich, poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z obdobia egyptsk\u00fdch fara\u00f3nov. V Eur\u00f3pe potom n\u00e1lezy dokazuj\u00fa kr\u00ed\u017eenie s ma\u010dkou divou len spred 2000 rokov.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Tieto zvierat\u00e1 s\u00fa ve\u013emi zauj\u00edmav\u00e9 a ich miesto v pr\u00edrode je nespochybnite\u013en\u00e9. Neved\u00fa ve\u013emi spolo\u010densk\u00fd \u017eivot a aj na\u0161a sa rad\u0161ej potuluje svetom sama. \u017dij\u00fa hlavne v listnat\u00fdch, pr\u00edpadne zmie\u0161an\u00fdch lesoch, ale nemaj\u00fa probl\u00e9m jestvova\u0165 aj pri jazer\u00e1ch, l\u00fakach a v bl\u00edzkosti \u013eudsk\u00fdch obydl\u00ed. Je samozrejm\u00e9, \u017ee ich hlavnou potravou s\u00fa my\u0161i a hrabo\u0161e. Rovnako ako l\u00ed\u0161ky a dravce s\u00fa preto ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eitou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou v\u0161etk\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9mov na udr\u017eanie rovnov\u00e1hy, aby sa tie mal\u00e9 hlodav\u00e9 potvory nepremno\u017eili. Nem\u00e1 probl\u00e9m ulovi\u0165 si nejak\u00e9ho vt\u00e1ka a v\u00fdnimo\u010dne aj kr\u00e1lika. Dokonca je pop\u00edsan\u00fd pr\u00edpad, ako ma\u010dka div\u00e1 ulovila mal\u00e9 srn\u010da.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Cez de\u0148 sa moc neukazuj\u00fa, aj ke\u010f to nie je ni\u010d v\u00fdnimo\u010dn\u00e9, ale pov\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine lovia za s\u00famraku a pri svitan\u00ed. V\u00f4bec nie je jednoduch\u00e9 ju v pr\u00edrode vidie\u0165, ke\u010f\u017ee nem\u00e1 z\u00e1ujem, ako ka\u017ed\u00e1 \u0161elma, stretn\u00fa\u0165 sa s \u010dlovekom. V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina pozorovan\u00ed je preto z fotopasc\u00ed. S\u00fa v\u00fdsostne teritori\u00e1lne, ved\u00fa osamel\u00fd \u017eivot, a preto sa dorozumievaj\u00fa hlavne pachov\u00fdmi smskami. Maj\u00fa vynikaj\u00faci \u010duch a niekde som sa do\u010d\u00edtal, \u017ee a\u017e 14-kr\u00e1t lep\u0161\u00ed ako \u010dlovek. Toto \u010d\u00edslo nem\u00e1m preveren\u00e9, preto ho neberte ako nosn\u00e9. Jeden zool\u00f3g mi d\u00e1vnej\u0161ie tvrdil, \u017ee ho m\u00e1 len 7-kr\u00e1t lep\u0161\u00ed. Tak \u010di onak, m\u00e1 vynikaj\u00faci \u010duch a tento je e\u0161te podporen\u00fd \u010fal\u0161\u00edm \u0161peci\u00e1lnym \u010duchov\u00fdm (Jacobsonov\u00fdm) org\u00e1nom, ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza za predn\u00fdmi horn\u00fdmi zubami. Nie je nezvy\u010dajn\u00e9 (hlavne u samcov v obdob\u00ed p\u00e1renia) ke\u010f ma\u010dka otvor\u00ed \u00fasta a z\u013eahka vyplaz\u00ed jazyk. Vtedy jednoducho \u010duch\u00e1. Ke\u010f k tomu prid\u00e1te jej zatiahnute\u013en\u00e9 paz\u00fary, \u010do jej umo\u017e\u0148uje s m\u00e4kk\u00fdmi vank\u00fa\u0161ikmi tich\u00e9 kr\u00e1\u010danie, papu\u013eku pln\u00fa zubov, no\u010dn\u00e9 videnie, hmatov\u00e9 f\u00fazy (vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa ju najviac v tme) a vynikaj\u00faci sluch, je to naozaj dokonal\u00fd lovec. Mimochodom, paz\u00fary si obrusuj\u00fa preto, lebo im neust\u00e1le dorastaj\u00fa.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Ma\u010dky s\u00fa pod\u013ea m\u0148a z in\u00e9ho sveta. \u017dij\u00fa s \u013eu\u010fmi dlho a mo\u017eno pr\u00e1ve preto sa na ne pozer\u00e1me v\u0161edn\u00fdm okom. Sme v priamom kontakte s nimi a pritom ich nepozn\u00e1me. Viete, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017eu ohn\u00fa\u0165 chrbticu takmer o 180 \u00b0, ke\u010f\u017ee stavce maj\u00fa upevnen\u00e9 priamo svalstvom? Nem\u00e1 k\u013e\u00fa\u010dne kosti, ale pru\u017en\u00e9 ramenn\u00e9 k\u013aby, a preto je jej ohybnos\u0165 tak\u00e1 neuverite\u013en\u00e1. Je to aj jeden z d\u00f4vodov, pre\u010do jej p\u00e1d z ve\u013ekej v\u00fd\u0161ky na zem neubl\u00ed\u017ei a pre\u010do dok\u00e1\u017ee prejs\u0165 ve\u013emi \u00fazkymi otvormi.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Rozpozna\u0165 ju od ma\u010dky dom\u00e1cej, nie je \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 rozdiely s\u00fa ve\u013ekos\u0165 hlavy, div\u00e1 ju m\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu. Chvost je ove\u013ea krat\u0161\u00ed k pomeru tela a hu\u0148atej\u0161\u00ed. Na konci m\u00e1 zvy\u010dajne tri alebo \u0161tyri \u010dierne pruhy a je zakon\u010den\u00fd \u010diernou \u0161kvrnou. K tomu pridajte \u010fal\u0161ie znaky: men\u0161ie u\u0161i, \u010dierny pruh cez cel\u00fd chrb\u00e1t, dlh\u0161iu srs\u0165, dlh\u0161ie f\u00fazy a nakoniec jej farebnos\u0165 (odtiene hnedej s \u010diernymi pruhmi a \u0161kvrnami \u2013 \u017e\u00edhanie) a hne\u010f ak sa v\u00e1m ju podar\u00ed na potulk\u00e1ch stretn\u00fa\u0165, budete vedie\u0165, \u017ee je to ona.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Rozmno\u017euj\u00fa sa vo febru\u00e1ri a v marci. Je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee u samcov hormon\u00e1lna nabudenos\u0165 trv\u00e1 dlh\u0161ie ako u sam\u00edc. Koc\u00fary sa nestaraj\u00fa o potomstvo a vyzer\u00e1 to tak, \u017ee ich jedin\u00fd z\u00e1ujem je len o potravu, sp\u00e1nok a rozmno\u017eovanie. Nu\u017e, pozn\u00e1m aj zop\u00e1r tak\u00fdch \u013eud\u00ed.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Takmer v\u0161ade v Eur\u00f3pe je celoro\u010dne chr\u00e1nen\u00e1 a na rozdiel od l\u00ed\u0161ok je jej lov zak\u00e1zan\u00fd. Kedysi to tak ale nebolo a nejak\u00e9 tie \u0161tatistiky sa e\u0161te daj\u00fa z\u00edska\u0165. Koncom \u0161es\u0165desiatych rokov minul\u00e9ho storo\u010dia bol odstrel v pomere s vtedaj\u0161ou popul\u00e1ciou za rok cel\u00e1 polovica. Do\u0161lo k prudk\u00e9mu zn\u00ed\u017eeniu jej stavov. V podstate ma\u010dka nem\u00e1 \u017eiadne po\u013eovn\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie a nemala ho ani vtedy. Jes\u0165 ju nebude asi nikto a ani jej ko\u017ea nebola nijako cenen\u00e1. Nikdy \u010dloveku nekonkurovala, sk\u00f4r naopak, ale napriek tomu sa nikto nestaral o jej stavy a\u017e dodnes.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Aby som teraz neklamal, o dvoch vyu\u017eitiach jej ko\u017euchu viem, aj ke\u010f s\u00fa pomerne bizarn\u00e9. Po\u013eovn\u00edci a aj z\u00e1les\u00e1ci si z nej robili d\u00e1vnej\u0161ie \u013eadvi\u0148\u00e1ky. Je to p\u00e1s chlpatej ko\u017ee, ktor\u00fd sa omot\u00e1va okolo kr\u00ed\u017eov, aby v\u00e1m neprechladli. Dnes to u\u017e nos\u00ed m\u00e1lokto, vzh\u013eadom na in\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly a pohodlnej\u0161ie vybavenie, napr. na spanie v hor\u00e1ch. M\u00f4j prv\u00fd bol zo zajaca a vysk\u00fa\u0161al som aj vyroben\u00fd z ma\u010dky, ale rozdiel som v ni\u010dom nevidel. Druh\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie je zo star\u0161ej doby, z obdobia renesancie, kde si Landsknechti (elitn\u00ed bavorsk\u00ed a \u0161vaj\u010diarsk\u00ed vojaci) vyr\u00e1bali z ich ko\u017e\u00ed puzdra na svoje me\u010de (katzbalger).<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Prid\u00e1m e\u0161te dve zauj\u00edmavosti, ale z ich \u017eivota a o in\u00fdch druhoch. Je v\u0161eobecne zn\u00e1me, \u017ee ma\u010dky v\u00f4bec nerady pl\u00e1vaj\u00fa. Jeden druh s t\u00fdm nem\u00e1 \u017eiadny probl\u00e9m. Ma\u010dka malo\u0161kvrnn\u00e1, \u017eij\u00faca v Ju\u017enej Amerike, dok\u00e1\u017ee prepl\u00e1va\u0165 a\u017e desiatky metrov. No a druh\u00e1 je o ma\u010dke dom\u00e1cej a toto je naozaj uleten\u00e9. V stredoveku si toti\u017eto \u0161\u013eachta utierala svoje ve\u013eacten\u00e9 zadky mal\u00fdmi ma\u010diatkami. Samozrejme \u017eiv\u00fdmi. Na\u0161\u0165astie, aj ke\u010f s\u00fa o tejto praktike z\u00e1znamy, nebolo to a\u017e tak\u00e9 \u010dast\u00e9. Aspo\u0148 teda d\u00fafam.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0V\u0161eobecne vieme, \u017ee potkany a my\u0161i maj\u00fa siln\u00fa averziu vo\u010di ma\u010daciemu z\u00e1pachu, \u010do je tis\u00edcro\u010diami vypestovan\u00fd obrann\u00fd mechanizmus. Ma\u010dky s\u00fa posledn\u00fdm, cie\u013eov\u00fdm hostite\u013eom toxoplazmy, mal\u00e9ho parazita, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 nebezpe\u010dn\u00fd pre tehotn\u00e9 \u017eeny, resp. e\u0161te nenaroden\u00e9 deti. Zauj\u00edmavos\u0165ou je, \u017ee tento parazit sa potrebuje dosta\u0165 do ma\u010dacieho tela, a preto ak sa nach\u00e1dza v malom hlodavcovi, dok\u00e1\u017ee tento pudov\u00fd odpor na pach zru\u0161i\u0165, \u010d\u00edm u\u013eah\u010duje ma\u010dk\u00e1m lov. St\u00e1le si mysl\u00edte, \u017ee parazity a v\u00edrusy nedok\u00e1\u017eu priamo ovplyvni\u0165 a meni\u0165 spr\u00e1vanie cicavcov a aj \u010dloveka? Teraz je namieste poveda\u0165, \u017ee pokia\u013e budete dodr\u017eiava\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 hygienick\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1, nem\u00e1 sa \u010do sta\u0165. Tak\u00fdmto parazitom sa dok\u00e1\u017eete \u00faspe\u0161ne vyhn\u00fa\u0165, ke\u010f sprav\u00edte \u010do m\u00e1te. Ur\u010dite si pred rozlo\u017een\u00edm t\u00e1bora miesto vy\u010distite a dobre prezrite. Nie je to len o such\u00fdch kon\u00e1roch \u010do by mohli spadn\u00fa\u0165 zo stromu alebo nejakom ter\u00e9nnom zlome \u010di \u00fadol\u00ed, kam by mohlo natiec\u0165 v pr\u00edpade da\u017e\u010fa ve\u013ea vody. V\u00fdkaly (bobky) v\u00e1m ukazuj\u00fa kadia\u013e chod\u00ed zver a preto sa vyh\u00fdbajte pri t\u00e1boren\u00ed tak\u00fdmto miestam, zvierac\u00edm chodn\u00edkom, krme\u013ecom, zna\u010dkovac\u00edm miestam na hraniciach terit\u00f3ria pred\u00e1torov. Neukladajte ni\u010d na hol\u00fa zem napr. jedlo alebo n\u00f4\u017e (vieme, \u017ee je to aj kv\u00f4li jeho strate) a nepite vodu, ktor\u00e1 by mohla by\u0165 kontaminovan\u00e1 aj od zveri. Pokia\u013e je to mo\u017en\u00e9 zbierajte lesn\u00e9 plody vy\u0161\u0161ie nad zemou. Ja viem, \u017ee jahody nerast\u00fa na kr\u00edkoch, ale ak ich pred zjeden\u00edm umyjete, m\u00e1te prakticky vyhrat\u00e9 a m\u00f4\u017eete zosta\u0165 v pokoji. Je to jednoduch\u00e9, sta\u010d\u00ed len porozm\u00fd\u0161\u013ea\u0165 a pr\u00eddete na tak\u00e9to z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 veci sami, bez toho aby v\u00e1m ich niekto ukazoval.<\/p>\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Ma\u010dka div\u00e1 aj ke\u010f nepatr\u00ed medzi ohrozen\u00e9 druhy, sa z Eur\u00f3py pomaly vytr\u00e1ca. Ochrana v\u0161etk\u00fdch zvierat mus\u00ed za\u010da\u0165 u n\u00e1s sam\u00fdch, v t\u00fato chv\u00ed\u013eu. Berieme im \u017eivotn\u00e9 prostredie a ma\u010dka nem\u00e1 probl\u00e9m \u017ei\u0165 v tesnej bl\u00edzkosti \u013eud\u00ed, ke\u010f\u017ee t\u00ed im pov\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine neubli\u017euj\u00fa a navy\u0161e tam n\u00e1jde aj dostatok potravy. Potom sa za\u010dne kr\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 s ma\u010dkou dom\u00e1cou a to nie je dobr\u00e9. Aj samotn\u00e9 hybridy s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 rozmno\u017eovania a takto m\u00f4\u017ee ve\u013emi r\u00fdchlo zmizn\u00fa\u0165 z tohto sveta. \u010eal\u0161ou nutnos\u0165ou je steriliz\u00e1cia dom\u00e1cich ma\u010diek hlavne na dedin\u00e1ch, kde sa oba druhy m\u00f4\u017eu \u010dastej\u0161ie stretn\u00fa\u0165, ale aj v mest\u00e1ch kde s\u00fa tie dom\u00e1ce zase premno\u017een\u00e9. Na Slovensku sa vykon\u00e1va monitoring ma\u010dky divej a z odobran\u00fdch vzoriek chlpov a v\u00fdkalov sa robia testy DNA na \u010distokrvnos\u0165. Zatia\u013e to nie je ani z\u010faleka hroziv\u00e9, no aj u n\u00e1s m\u00e1me kr\u00ed\u017eencov. Je najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010das s t\u00fdm nie\u010do robi\u0165, aby sme zase nezapr\u00ed\u010dinili vyhynutie \u010fal\u0161ieho zvieracieho druhu.<\/p>\r\n<\/div><\/div>\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Ma\u010dka div\u00e1, Felis silvestris, spolo\u010dne s rysom karpatsk\u00fdm a ostrovidom s\u00fa z\u00e1stupcami ma\u010dkovit\u00fdch \u0161eliem v na\u0161ich lesoch. Ich popul\u00e1cie s\u00fa vraj ust\u00e1len\u00e9 a dokonca pozvo\u013ena rast\u00fa. Vyzer\u00e1 to, \u017ee v celej Eur\u00f3pe sa po\u010dty ma\u010dky divej pomaly zdv\u00edhaj\u00fa. Spr\u00e1vy z Holandska a Nemecka o tom sved\u010dia. Sna\u017e\u00edm sa d\u00f4verova\u0165 \u013eu\u010fom, ktor\u00ed ich naozaj [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-433","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-zvieratka"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/433","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=433"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/433\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":436,"href":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/433\/revisions\/436"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=433"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=433"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/tamivlese.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=433"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}